Probation As The Most Frequently Used Sentence For Those...

Probation serves as the most frequently used sentence for those convicted. This is evident when you consider that the United States justice system oversees nearly 7 million people. Over half of those, a staggering 3.7 million people, are on probation with another 840,000 on parole (Rabuy, 2017). With those individuals representing the largest percentage of the American corrections system, it is important that we learn as much as possible about probation in order to improve the success of these programs. Probation involves a set of conditions that the probationer agrees to adhere to in exchange for remaining in the community. Typical conditions include a waiver of the offenders fourth amendment rights, maintaining employment or school†¦show more content†¦In the 1970’s, the numbers of offenders began to increase, which prompted Florida to authorize the first use of private probation in the country. By 1991 Georgia had passed legislation which allowed private entities to supervise misdemeanor offenders. The growth of the private industry in was nearly instant, with courts subcontracting their misdemeanor probation cases in order to ease the burden on state probation officers. Those who support privatization argue that the adaptability of private agencies means that the services they provide can be better suited to probationers’ needs. In ideal circumstances, private agencies could theoretically serve offenders better than state agencies. Opponents of privatization argue that private companies are profiting from poverty, and that the effects are much more damaging than state run probation. Current Applications. The concept of Probation in America is much the same as it was in the days of John Agustus. It is in the technical and corporate aspects that you will find the major change. From my personal observations of the process, I know that the intention of suspending a prison or jail sentence is still the motivation for the majority of proba tion sentences. However, in an alarming number of cases, I fear that the privatization of a large portion of the industry has increased theShow MoreRelatedProbation And Parole1305 Words   |  6 Pagesof probation and parole influences the decisions that are made in the Adult Court System toward the supervision of adult offenders by considering community corrections and involve supervision in the community. In the criminal justice system, there are many individuals locked up in local, state, and federal institutions. John Augustus probation bears much resemblance to probation as it is practiced today. He took great care in deciding which prisoners were promising candidates for probation. HeRead MoreEssay on Alternatives to Prison1677 Words   |  7 PagesAlternatives to Prison Prisons, facilities maintained for confining people convicted of committing crimes, were used to rehabilitate offenders while keeping them isolated from the community. The Quakers built the first prison in 1790 in order to seclude criminal offenders from society to think about their wrongdoing and to seek forgiveness in a kind, and spiritual environment. (Inciardi 497) Currently, there are three types of prisons within the Federal, State, and County governments. TheseRead MoreShould Felons Be A Crime?1391 Words   |  6 Pagesunderlying crime. The convicted felon definition, the individuals that comprise this particular class include all social economic, racial, ethic, and gender categorizations. Although the term felony commonly refers to serious crimes punishable by imprisonment for at least a year, or by death, it may include minor crimes (Saxonhouse, 2004). The convicted felons classification can be divided into two subcategories: Current felons- those who are currently incarcerated, on probation, or on parole; andRead MoreFactors That Lead Sentencing Of An Offender1487 Words   |  6 Pagessentencing. In this research paper, I will share some of the most common factors that influences a judge’s discretion, and also the ways the factors result sentencing of an offender. Furthermore, I will bring to attention some of the more controv ersial factors and ways they have influenced the outcome of the court process. I have been lucky enough to observe judges’ roles in decision-making, diversion of a case, and sentencing, from a probation standpoint. Throughout my career, I have conducted manyRead MorePrison Overcrowding : The United States1535 Words   |  7 PagesPrison overcrowding has become a huge problem un the United States. One of the major problems is that mandatory minimum sentences has resulted in prisons becoming overcrowded. Arizona has one of the largest population of individuals that are in prison. Greene and Pranis (2010) study has found the following, â€Å"under Arizona s mandatory sentencing system, non-violent offenders make up most state prisoners† (p. 2). One of the many reasons for prison overcrowding is the high recidivism rate and people incarceratedRead MoreAmerica Should Not Afford For Nonviolent Criminals Essay1741 Words   |  7 Pagesto rise. In 2013, a three-year prison sentence cost over $37,000 according to the New York Times, while a probation se ntence would have cost only $6,770 (Sowell). In other words, incarceration costs taxpayers thirty-three dollars and seventy-nine cents a day for each offender. However, for fiscal year 2014-2015, incarceration costs were seventy-three dollars and thirty-four cents a day for each of the more than 21,000 inmates in Tennessee prisons (Frequently Asked Questions). Incarceration costsRead MoreRecidivism And The Correctional System1722 Words   |  7 PagesThere are many interesting topics in Criminal Justice that can be discussed and are relatable to my experience at the Lorain/Medina Community Based Correctional Facility, but I thought that perhaps one of the most interesting ones to look at is recidivism in the correctional system. It is also a commonality in other aspects of the criminal justice system. I chose to research the topic of recidivism for many reasons, one of them is that it relates to my experience because many of the residents I interactedRead MoreJeff Jacobys Essay Bri ng Back Flogging1214 Words   |  5 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Jeff Jacobys’ essay, entitled â€Å"Bring Back Flogging† was, in my sincere opinion, poorly constructed. There are numerous instances where I felt that he had either not supported his premises with valid information or had negated his support in later sentences. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The essay begins by drawing forth images of Puritan punishment. He cites two instances of punishment, which were particularly torturous and radical in nature. He then draws a comparison between this inhumane punishmentRead MoreWhat Is Going On With The American Criminal Justice System?1645 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is going on with the American Criminal Justice System? Incarceration is happening more frequently than ever before. Incarcerating our people is not the answer to helping our society, mainly those whom are incarcerated for non-violent crimes. Non-violent offenders make up over 60% of prison and jail population. America imprisons more people than any other country in the world. It’s time for prison reform to take place in America. Prison reform is the attempt to improve conditions inside prisonsRead MoreCriminal Punishment And Its Effects On Society1890 Words   |  8 Pagescriminal record, the use of violence or weapons, and whether the cr ime was committed for monetary gain are considered when the type of sentence given to a criminal is examined. Additionally, subjective factors such as race, age, gender, and class also affect the type of sentence that is given. Depending upon a criminal’s age, he/she could receive a more lenient sentence if he/she is older. Additionally, if a convict is a woman, she will be treated more harshly during the beginning phases of the incarceration

The Discovery of Penicillin - 1750 Words

Today we often take for granted just going to the doctor and getting medicine to fix any illness we may have or pain that we are feeling. There hasn’t always been the privileges that we have today, back in the 1800’s and early 1900’s it wasn’t uncommon for people and children to die from just a minor scratch, pinpricks, scarlet fever, or any minor diseases. Hospitals were full of people with infections spiraling out of control, but there wasn’t anything available for them. Our soldiers fighting for our freedom were destined to perish due to gangrene and amputations from battle wounds, the conditions were unsanitary and the simple dose of an antibiotic was unheard of. It is hard for our civilization to appreciate the medical†¦show more content†¦Due to the introduction of penicillin during World War II the majority of our soldiers were able to return home to their families as healthy as they were before they left. World War II was th e mightiest struggle mankind has ever seen. It killed more people, cost more money, damaged more property, affected more people, and caused more changes in nearly every country than any other war. Some researchers say that penicillin was the key top-secret weapon that helped the allies win World War II. At the end of World War II the medical advancements that had been discovered were then made available to the rest of civilization (Medicine and World War II). â€Å"If any good can be said to come of war, then the Second World War must go on record as assisting and accelerating one of the greatest blessings that the 20th Century has conferred on Man – the huge advances in medical knowledge and surgical techniques. War, by producing so many and such appalling casualties, and by creating such widespread conditions in which disease can flourish, confronted the medical profession with an enormous challenge – and the doctors of the world rose to the challenge of the last war magnificently,†- Brian Ford (Medicine and World War Two). With World War II at an end we have now began a whole new war. The war of â€Å"bugs vs.Show MoreRelatedEssay on The Discovery of Penicillin897 Words   |  4 Pages Penicillin was first noticed in 1896, by Ernest Duchesne. Thirty-two years later Alexander Fleming noticed it as well, when he was working at St. Mary’s Hospital which is located in London. He observed that when bacteria had become contaminated by, Penicillium fungi, the bacteria nearest to the mold had started to die. In 1929, he named the substance Penicillin and he released his observations he had done through his investigations. He thought that maybe his investigations could be beneficialRead MoreAlexander Fleming: The Discovery of Penicillin1884 Words   |  8 PagesAlexander Fleming changed the world of medicine not only in his days but also in the world today. We have the medicines and antibiotics that we have today because of Alexander Fleming. His discovery was much needed in the world and I hate to think where we would be in the medicine world if he hadn’t discovered penicillin. Alexander Fleming was born on August 6, 1881 in Darvel, Ayrshire, Scotland. He was born on Lochfield Farm, which was his family’s farm. Alex was the seventh of eight children. He wasRead MoreFleming And His Amazing Discovery Of Penicillin1453 Words   |  6 Pages Fleming and His Amazing Discovery of Penicillin BIOL 1010 Professor: James Cheetham Student: Hyun Hong 100831589 October 6th, 2015 Biotechnology has a long history of helping human beings have a better quality of life. Over the decades, numerous scientists have made substantial contributions to biotechnology. Among these scientists, I think Alexander Fleming made the greatest contributions. In this paper, I will explain how Alexander Fleming made significant contribution toRead MoreWhy The Discovery Of Penicillin Is A Game Changer1596 Words   |  7 Pagesfor the discovery of Penicillin in September of 1921 at his laboratory in St Mary’s Hospital. Fleming is the father of modern day antibiotics because of his outstanding work as a bacteriologist. Had it not been for his amazing discovery of penicillin the world would be a much scarier place for modern man. In this paper I will prove beyond all doubt that Fleming deserves this award for his contributions in the advancement of biotechnology. I will explain why the discovery of penicillin is a gameRead MoreThe Discovery Of Penicillin During The World Of Medicine2931 Words   |  12 Pagesdiscovered penicillin in September 1928. At the time, Fleming was experimenting with the influenza virus in a lab in London (Penicillin). After coming back from a two week vacation, Fleming noticed a mold had developed on an accidentally contaminated staphylococcus culture plate (Penicillin). Upon examination of the mold, he noticed that the culture prevented the growth of staphylococci. Fleming had discovered the world s first antibiotic. Significance: The discovery of penicillin changed theRead MoreAndrew Fleming s Discovery Of Penicillin Essay1639 Words   |  7 Pagesevident in today’s culture; however it is much less predominant. Homoeopathically, the invention of Lock Hospitals further branded women to be immoral, however the medical advancements of treating STD’s with reference to Alexander Fleming’s discovery of Penicillin in 1928 and Wasserman’s test for syphilis in 1906 has aided societal views to not ostracise one specific gender or sexual preference group, and instead comprehend that disease can be spread in a multitude of ways and thankfully can now beRead MoreThe Triumph Of Fleming s Discovery Of Penicillin Essay1338 Words   |  6 PagesCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Overview and Significance While we have made tremendous advancement in various fields of therapeutics, the triumph of Fleming’s discovery of penicillin is fading away with the rise of antibiotic resistance; we are pushing ourselves back into the pre-antibiotic era. In the United States 2 million people get infected with antibiotic resistant bacteria and 23,000 die each year as a result (CDC). The picture is grimmer in the developing world. This project was initiated to studyRead MoreAn Accidental Discovery: Sir Alexander Fleming and Penicillin1343 Words   |  6 Pagesfew decades, he would discover disease killers that would impact the world. Alexander Fleming revolutionized medical practice and care, saving countless lives, through his discovery and development of antibiotics and antiseptics. While working in his lab in England, Fleming made a very important medical and scientific discovery. In 1922 while sick, Fleming decided to test if mucus, a body’s self defense against infection, had any affect on bacteria. Fleming put some mucus in a petri dish with aRead MoreThe Discovery Of Penicillin During World War II1706 Words   |  7 PagesFleming discovered penicillin. The scientific community still celebrates his discovery since it was a major breakthrough in science, especially in the antibiotics and fermentation field. Although his discovery changed various scientific fields and it opened the doors for research in areas not studied or considered relevant before, the actual usefulness of penicillin was truly reached until the large scale production of penicillin was achieved. Before its manufacturing penicillin was considered forRead MoreThe Discovery Of Insulin And Penicillin And The Development Of The U.s. Health Care System1745 Words   |  7 Pagesvery litt le variation in results. Many people do not know that the 1920s was more than an age of economic prosperity and defying prohibition; it was also a time of great advances in health care and medicine in the United States. The discovery of insulin and penicillin and the development of the U.S. health care system are only a few of the examples of the medical advances that took place in the 1920s. These advances shaped the lives of Americans in a way like no other. Medicine and health care was

Catherine Tate and David Tennant spoken laguage free essay sample

In this essay an analysis will be made to show how both power and authority play an important role in speech. The clip I am using takes place in an English classroom, with a battle of power and authority taking place between a student, Lauren Cooper, and a teacher, Mr Logan. In this clip Mr Logan begins with the most authority because he is a teacher, but from the first question Lauren asks, â€Å"Are you English, Sir? † it is clear that she is trying to stir him from his position of authority. She asks these pointless questions to determine the fact that she doesn’t care for anything that he is saying. This is a very common stereotype within teenagers because we are often portrayed as being unconcerned by what people say to us. We also use a lot of paralinguistic features to get our emotions across, Lauren does this by slouching, kissing her teeth and sighing, this again shows how uninterested she is by what Mr Logan has to say. We will write a custom essay sample on Catherine Tate and David Tennant spoken laguage or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Teenagers use these techniques to gain authority by staying calm when the teacher is losing their nerve. Lauren also uses timing and turn taking to interject in with her pointless questions while Mr Logan is in the middle of his sentences, to antagonize Mr Logan so that he loses his temper, also causing him to have lost his authority. Mr Logan walks in with the most power and authority; he stays calm when answering Lauren’s questions, and gives her no satisfaction within how he answers. He says to her â€Å"okay whatever you want. † This shows her that he is unfazed by what she says. Within doing this it helps him to retain his power. It is shown within this first conversation that Mr Logan is very confident and at the top of the hierarchy, this is because even when Lauren mocks him about where he is from and how he speaks, â€Å"but I can’t understand what you’re saying sir†, he uses no fillers when speaking to show that he isn’t weak or anxious. Throughout the clip Mr Logan shows most of his emotions through his facial expressions. As Lauren begins to get more confrontational and show more ignorance, by saying â€Å"Ammist I bovvered? † to try and provoke a response, Mr Logan prompts to become more impatient and annoyed. His facial expression changes from smiling to frustrated as Lauren interrupts him more often. This causes him to lose his power and authority against Lauren. Power and authority is used a lot through the techniques and language that both Mr Logan and Lauren use. For example a lot of paralinguistic features are used to show aggression by both Lauren and Mr Logan, such as pointing, slamming the desk, standing up, constant eye contact, head movements and hand gestures. A lot of the time these paralinguistic features are used to explicate aggravation and gain them some authority. But contradictory to that there are also a lot of hedgers used within the clip, like â€Å"I fink† and â€Å"I’m sure†. A hedger shows weakness because it takes the aggression out of what they’re saying. Another common technique used within this clip is jargon. When Lauren says â€Å"My liege† and â€Å"nine hundred and forty five year old time lord† it shows that she has a wide understanding of Shakespearean language and Doctor Who. The fact that she uses jargon is gaining her power and authority because she has knowledge and a lot of information on these topics. A lot of sociolect and idiolect is used within this clip. Teenagers are portrayed as using a lot of sociolect, such as ‘ain’t’, ‘won’it’ and ‘innit’. All of these also fall under vague language because they don’t mean anything, using this sort of language causes people to think that you are uneducated or poorly educated. Lauren uses these words when she speaks on numerous accounts. Her accent and dialect also cause her spoken language to vary from that of the teachers, who is very well spoken, for example Lauren says â€Å"can I aks you a question though? † and Mr Logan says â€Å"you are the most insolent child I have ever had the misfortune to teach! † Mr Logan’s language is much more intelligent and grown up whereas Lauren’s quote is very unintellectual and badly pronounced. She has a very distinctive way of speaking and her tone doesn’t seem to vary from one state. Her pronunciations of words are very lazy and she doesn’t pronounce her words fully, such as â€Å"fink† and â€Å"aks†. Lauren also speaks very fast so that Mr Logan can’t get a word in edge ways. And to infuriate him even more she puts words in his mouth like â€Å"Are thou calling my father a goodly rotten apple? † Lauren gets her authority across at the end by the fact that she raises her tone to be heard, and she slams her desk and shouts â€Å"bite me alien boy† as an insult. And she also sits forward in her chair and raises her voice which implies that she is getting a bit aggressive. And although Mr Logan uses the sonic screwdriver on Lauren, she quotes sonnet 130 precisely, keeps her cool throughout the entire clip, and has the last word.

Organizational Behavior Jean Lewis at Staples Case Study Essay Example

Organizational Behavior Jean Lewis at Staples Case Study Essay LDP1 July 17, 2007 The interchange between task behavior, relationship behavior, and follower readiness is the foundation of situational leadership. Different focus on relationship or task behavior is applied to followers on different readiness levels. Task behavior is the degree of detailed direction given by a leader to a follower or a group for them to perform a task. Included in these directions are specifics of the methodology to perform the task as well as the place and the parties involved. Relationship behavior is the grade of interaction between the leader and the follower or group. Readiness is the degree of willingness and capability that a follower demonstrates. â€Å"The two major components of readiness are ability and willingness† (Hersey, Blanchard, Johnson, 2001) Ability is composed of the follower’s qualifications for a particular task. Hersey (2001) catalogs these qualifications as knowledge, skill and experience. Willingness is the level of confidence, commitment and motivation that someone shows. Willingness is not a personal attribute as it varies from a task to another. Confidence is the expressed belief that one is able to perform a task. The fact that an individual is confident does not necessarily make him capable of completing an assignment, as it is a mental state rather than a measure of skills. Commitment is an established dedication to undertake a responsibility, and motivation is the expressed desire to do it. Based on the degree of ability and willingness an individual can be classified into four levels of readiness as follows: R1 Unable and Unwilling We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Behavior Jean Lewis at Staples Case Study specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Behavior Jean Lewis at Staples Case Study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Behavior Jean Lewis at Staples Case Study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer R2 – Unable but Willing R3 – Able but Unwilling R4 – Able and Willing R1 individuals do not have either the necessary level of skill or the commitment to perform a task. R2 individuals are not qualified, yet have the willingness to undertake the responsibility. R3 individuals have the ability to perform the task but are reluctant to execute it. Finally, R4 individuals have the ability and the willingness to complete a task. The situational leadership model institutes four different leadership styles to pair with each of the four readiness levels. These styles are characterized by the different combinations of relationship and task behavior and are defined as follows: Style 1 or S1 – This style of leadership characterized by a high amount of task and low amount of relationship behavior should be used on individuals on the first level of readiness. It is also known as crisis leadership as it is a good practice on a critical situation when the leader doesn’t have the time to explain the â€Å"whys† of the objectives to the followers or research the readiness level of the group. For instance during a fire the fire department personnel is likely to use this type of leadership to evacuate a building. Style 2 or S2 – Typified by high levels of both, task and relationship behaviors, this style should be used in individuals on the second level of readiness. These individuals lack the skills to complete a task, therefore a great deal of direction (task behavior) is needed. Since they are trying, it is important to encourage them to continue their progress (relationship behavior). Style 3 or S3 – Low task and high relationship behavior set this leadership style apart, and should be used on followers on readiness level 3. These individuals have the skill level necessary to complete a task, therefore high amounts of direction are unnecessary. However, since they are unwilling the leader must spend time participating in bilateral communication to encourage them and facilitate decision making. Style 4 or S4 – Characterized by low levels of both relationship and task behaviors. Hersey (2001) describes this leadership style as delegating. R4 individuals are able and willing to undertake a task, reducing the leader’s participation to monitoring progress. As we can see in this model, the readiness level of an individual is what determines the leadership style to be applied. Consequently, it is the follower and not the leader that establishes the leadership style. In her time at Staples, Jeanne Lewis applied different leadership styles to accommodate the different readiness levels of her employees. Until she started working in the marketing department she experienced different levels of rejection from her staff that translated into unwillingness. Jeanne describes her experience in operations as â€Å"managing a group of people who had ‘been there, done that’ for years. † And yet, she continues, â€Å"we had a situation where the stores weren’t performing well, and I had to tell them to make money and grow sales. †(Jeanne Lewis at Staples, Inc, 2001) From her words we can perceive that her staff was in a R1 readiness level. Unwilling because they did not think Jeanne had the experience necessary to run the department, and unable at some level because the stores were not performing well. Jeanne used a S1 leadership style to match the readiness level of her staff. This leadership style, characterized by high task and relationship behavior, has been described as crisis leadership. Jeanne made many changes in the department in a short period of time, so abundant clear and concise direction was necessary. Also due to the reluctance of the operations staff, high levels of multi-way communication were needed. This leadership style is used to help followers advance in their readiness levels, and should only be used in times of crisis. We can presume from her direct report’s description of Jeanne’s management style that she did exactly that. â€Å"She tended to manage tightly at first,† he said, â€Å"then loosened the reins† I think it is safe to assume that her â€Å"loosening the reins†(Jeanne Lewis at Staples, Inc, 2001) was caused by an upwards variation of her staff’s readiness level which in turn we can attribute to her management style, and personal charm, and hard-working attitude to elevate follower’s willingness, and clear direction and new training programs to raise ability. A similar situation happened in merchandising. We can learn much of Lewis’ progression of management style by her report’s statement that â€Å"at first impression he worried that Lewis might be a micro-manager, but he soon realized that she liked to inspire dialog and debate to ensure that they dug deeply in their decision making† (Jeanne Lewis at Staples, Inc, 2001). We cannot discard that his first impression was correct, and it is not his erception of Jeanne’s personality that changed, but her management style. When Jeanne was transferred to the marketing department, she found a different situation. She found a talented staff, able and willing to do the job that was requested of them, so she took the passenger sit and leaded them using low task and low relationship behavior (S4). Much to her surprise the followers started experiencing a regressing in their readiness level, going from an able-and-willing group to an able-but-insecure state. Perhaps the distress of the failed merger caused the insecurity. Jeanne needed to adjust her leadership style to include more participation and multi-directional communication (relationship behavior), but running between floors and â€Å"changing hats† all the time did not leave her enough time thus she insisted that her replacement in merchandising be appointed in order to free her schedule. I think Jeanne Lewis is a perfect example of a situational manager. During the whole time I spent reading the case study I could not help but see how she adjusted her management style precisely as the situation required it. Works Cited: Hersey, P. , Blanchard, K. H. , Johnson, D. E. (2001). Management of organizational behavior: Leading human resources (8th ed. ). New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Pp. 171-203. Suesse, J. M. (2000). Jeanne Lewis at Staples, Inc. (A) (Abridged). Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing. Pp. 1-14 (78-91).